近日姐妹花 双飞，「代孕」的话题再次激勉热议。
🤔️小功课：
1. What is one of the main reasons that international agreement on surrogacy laws might be difficult to achieve?
A) The technology for surrogacy is not widely available.
B) The high cost of surrogacy makes it inaccessible to most countries.
C) Different countries have widely varying attitudes toward surrogacy.
D) There is a lack of interest in addressing surrogacy issues.
2. What does the term "Pandora's Box" in the last sentence most likely refer to in the context of surrogacy?
A) The medical risks associated with surrogacy procedures.
B) The happiness brought by surrogacy to childless couples.
C) The financial costs of pursuing surrogacy.
D) The irreversible and complex issues that arise from the growing surrogacy industry.
Surrogacy: Why the world needs rules for 'selling' babies
From: BBC， 26 April 2019
Surrogacy is not a new phenomenon. For thousands of years， women have nominated others to give birth on their behalf.
However， technological advances such as IVF， softening of cultural attitudes and the trend for having children later have fuelled a recent boom in surrogacy.
In the past two decades， it has become a global phenomenon. There are no precise figures on how many children are involved but as far back as 2012 the industry around surrogacy was worth an estimated $6bn a year.
In the UK alone， the number of parental orders made following a surrogate birth has tripled from 121 in 2011 to 368 in 2018. The true number of surrogacy arrangements may be even higher， as there is no obligation to seek such an order.
Hitting the headlines
Surrogacy comes in two forms - gestational， where the surrogate mother is implanted with an egg and sperm; and traditional surrogacy， where the surrogate's own egg is used.
In the majority of cases， these procedures go smoothly. But surrogacy's soaring popularity has come at a human cost and stories of potential mistreatment have hit the headlines several times in recent years.
Targeting the vulnerable
On top of child welfare concerns， there are also examples of surrogate mothers being exploited by agents and kept in inhumane conditions.
Financially and socially vulnerable women can be targets for surrogacy recruitment， attracted by the sums of money on offer. A surrogate in Ukraine， for example， can earn up to $20，000 (£15，507) - more than eight times the average yearly income.
However， there have been reports of poor treatment of surrogate mothers， with some agencies refusing to pay surrogates if they do not obey strict requirements or if they miscarry.
Exploitation concerns have led to many countries shutting down their previously booming surrogacy industries， while last year the UN warned that "commercial surrogacy... usually amounts to the sale of children".
Is an international agreement possible?
Intergovernmental body the Hague Conference on Private International Law is currently looking into the possibility of forming internationally agreed rules for authorities to recognise the parenthood of children born abroad through surrogacy， and set out consistent rules.
However， it may be difficult to reach international agreement， due to the widely differing attitudes towards surrogacy.
Countries that ban or restrict the practice would be unlikely to sign up to something that allows commercial surrogacy， and vice versa.
This means authorities are left in a very difficult situation: the global surrogacy market has sprung up due to the inconsistency of laws around the world， but it is precisely because of these differences that they are unable to regulate the practice effectively.
Surrogacy can provide the joy of a longed-for child， but at the same time it opens the door for the exploitation of the most vulnerable.
As surrogacy gains in popularity， these legal and ethical dilemmas will only become more pressing. Pandora's Box has been opened and the law has failed to respond.
- ◆ -
注：齐备题目见本文着手；汉文文本为BBC官方译文，仅供参考
含清静全文：
Surrogacy: Why the world needs rules for 'selling' babies
From: BBC， 26 April 2019
Surrogacyis not a new phenomenon. For thousands of years， women havenominatedothers to give birth on their behalf.
代孕并不是最近才出现的时势，千百年来一直存在女性请别东说念主为我方生子的事情。
surrogacy
surrogacy /ˈsʌrəɡəsɪ/ 不可数名词，示意“代孕”，英文讲授为“Surrogacy is an arrangement by which a woman gives birth to a baby on behalf of a woman who is physically unable to have babies herself， and then gives the baby to her.”
🎬电影《星际穿越》（Interstellar）中的台词提到：After that， with surrogacy， the growth becomes exponential. 之后不错利用代孕的边幅使东说念主口指数增长。
nominate
nominate /ˈnɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ 1）示意“提名；推选”姐妹花 双飞，英文讲授为“to formally suggest that sb should be chosen for an important role， prize， position， etc.”举个🌰：He was nominated (as) best actor. 他赢得了最好男演员的提名。
2）示意“任命；指定”，英文讲授为“to officially choose someone for a job or to do something”举个🌰：She was nominated as the delegation's official interpreter. 她被任命为代表团的表现翻译。
However， technological advances such as IVF， softening of cultural attitudes and the trend for having children later havefuelleda recentboomin surrogacy.
但跟着体外东说念主工受孕（In vitro fertilization，IVF）等新时刻的出现、文化上关于代孕袭取进程的晋升以及女性倾向于晚生孩子的趋势越来越彰着，代孕行业频年来呈现出爆发式增长。
fuel
fuel /ˈfjuː.əl/ 示意“加重；增多；加强；刺激；激起”，英文讲授为“To fuel a situation means to make it become worse or more intense.”如：to fuel speculation / rumours / fears 引起揣摸 / 讹传 / 惊骇，举个🌰：The result will inevitably fuel speculation about his future. 该成果将不可幸免地加重东说念主们对他的长进的揣摸。
boom
作动词，boom /buːm/ 1）示意“增长；连忙发展”，英文讲授为“to increase or become successful and produce a lot of money very quickly”举个🌰：The leisure industry is booming. 安闲产业正在繁茂发展。
2）示意“发出低千里有劲的声息；发出隆隆声，轰鸣”，英文讲授为“to make a very deep and loud hollow sound”举个🌰：The cannons boomed (out) in the night. 晚上传来隆隆炮声。
作名词，示意“增长，富贵；增恒久，富贵期”，英文讲授为“an increase in something ， or a time when something becomes more popular”举个🌰：This year has seen a boom in book sales. 本年典籍销售激增。
📍baby boom示意“生养岑岭，婴儿潮”，英文讲授为“a large increase in the number of babies born among a particular group of people during a particular time”举个🌰：There was a baby boom in the UK and the US after the Second World War. 二战后，英国和好意思国齐出现了一次生养岑岭。
In the past two decades， it has become a global phenomenon. There are no precise figures on how many children are involved but as far back as 2012 the industry around surrogacy was worth an estimated $6bn a year.
在往日20年里，这也曾成为一个全球性的时势。尽管很难知说念通过代孕产子的精准东说念主数，但有统计称，全球代孕行业总产值在2012年就已达到60亿好意思元。
In the UK alone， the number of parental orders made following asurrogatebirth hastripledfrom 121 in 2011 to 368 in 2018. The true number of surrogacy arrangements may be even higher， as there is noobligationto seek such an order.
在英国，养育敕令判决（parental orders，指代孕生下的孩子需要通过法庭笃定侍奉权）的数目从2011年的121起爆增至2018年的368起，增长了三倍。央求养育敕令并不具有强制性，骨子代孕的数目可能比这个数字更高。
surrogate
surrogate /ˈsʌr.ə.ɡət/ 1）作描绘词，示意“替代的；代理的”，英文讲授为“something that replaces or is used instead of something else”
2） 作名词，示意“替代者；替代物”，也不错径直指“代孕姆妈”，等同于surrogate mother，举个🌰：For some people， reading travel books is a surrogate for actual travel. 对某些东说念主来说，读纪行不错替代果然的旅行。
triple
triple /ˈtrɪp.əl/ 示意“（使）成三倍，（使）增多两倍”，英文讲授为“to increase three times in size or amount， or to make something do this”举个🌰：We have tripled our output over the past two years. 往日两年里，咱们的产量增多了两倍。
obligation
obligation /ˌɒb.lɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ 示意“义务；包袱；职责”，英文讲授为“the fact that you are obliged to do something”举个🌰：If you have not signed a contract， you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money. 淌若你莫得签合同，你就莫得义务付给他们钱。
📍词根“-lig-”来自拉丁语“ligare”，意味着“绑定，拘谨”。前缀“ob-”频繁示意“上前”或“对面”，在这里加强了绑定的嗅觉。思象你看到一个东说念主被一份蹙迫文献“绑定”，这份文献代表了他的职责。近义词：duty（职责），同根词：obligatory（义务的），常用短语：fulfill an obligation（实施义务）。
Hitting the headlines 引东说念主关怀的案例
Surrogacy comes in two forms -gestational， where the surrogate mother isimplantedwith an egg and sperm; and traditional surrogacy， where the surrogate's own egg is used.
代孕可分为两种。一种是妊娠代孕，需要在代母体内植入精子和卵子。另一种是传统代孕，骨子使用的是代母的卵子。
gestational
gestational /dʒesˈteɪ.ʃən.əl/ 示意“妊娠期的”，英文讲授为“relating to the development of a child or young animal while it is still inside its mother's body”举个🌰：Rabbits have a 30-day gestational period. 兔子的妊娠期为30天。
implant
implant /ˈɪm.plɑːnt/ 不错作名词，也不错作动词，示意“（手术中）植入，移植；（植入东说念主体中的）移植物，植入物”，英文讲授为“an organ， group of cells， or device that has been put into the body in a medical operation”
In the majority of cases， theseproceduresgo smoothly. But surrogacy'ssoaringpopularity has come at a human cost and stories of potential mistreatment have hit the headlines several times in recent years.
大大量代孕的历程齐很告成。但代孕限制的爆增也驱动跟随出现说念德方面的争议，一些科罚失当的案例频年来蛊卦了全球关怀。
procedure
procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ 1）示意“轨范；时势；老例”，英文讲授为“a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something”举个🌰：The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints. 公司经受了新轨范处理投诉事宜。
2）示意“医疗处理；手术”，英文讲授为“a medical operation”举个🌰：It's a routine/standard surgical procedure. 这是一个凡俗的外科手术。
soar
soar /sɔːr/ 1）示意“急剧增多”，英文讲授为“If the amount， value， level， or volume of something soars， it quickly increases by a great deal.”举个🌰：Shares soared on the New York stock exchange. 纽约证券交游所股票暴涨。
2）示意“高飞，翱翔”，英文讲授为“If something such as a bird soars into the air， it goes quickly up into the air.”举个🌰：If you're lucky， a splendid golden eagle may soar into view. 红运的话，一只金色雄鹰会跃入视野。
3）作动词，示意“起飞；升腾”，英文讲授为“to rise quickly and smoothly up into the air”举个🌰：The rocket soared (up) into the air. 火箭起飞。
📍《经济学东说念主》（The Economist）一篇分析受疫情影响的旅游业的著述中提到：Soaring incomes in China explain part of the increase. 这一增长的部分原因是中国东说念主收入猛增。
Targeting the vulnerable 劣势群体
On top of child welfare concerns， there are also examples of surrogate mothers beingexploitedby agents and kept in inhumane conditions.
还有一些案例让东说念主惦记代母遭到公司克扣，省略遇到非东说念主的待遇。
exploit
exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ 1）示意“利用；克扣（…为我方渔利）”，英文讲授为“to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself”举个🌰：He exploited his father's name to get himself a job. 他利用他父亲的名声为我方找到一份职责。
2）示意“树立，愚弄；利用；领略”，英文讲授为“to use sth well in order to gain as much from it as possible”举个🌰：She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play. 她在剧中把她阿谁变装的幽默领略得长篇大论。
🎬电影《惊天魔盗团》（Now You See Me）中的台词提到：What I hate is people who exploit other people. 我仅仅脑怒那些利用别东说念主的东说念主。
作名词，示意“不寻常的举止；大胆的举止；奇遇”，英文讲授为“something unusual， brave， or funny that someone has done”举个🌰：She was telling me about her exploits while travelling around Africa. 她跟我敷陈了她在非洲各地旅游时的奇遇。
Financially and sociallyvulnerablewomen can be targets for surrogacy recruitment， attracted by the sums of money on offer. A surrogate in Ukraine， for example， can earn up to $20，000 (£15，507) - more than eight times the average yearly income.
一些在经济和社会地位方面处于劣势的女性会成为代孕公司招募的对象，蛊卦她们的是高额的薪金。在乌克兰，一次代孕获取的薪金不错达到2万好意思金，这超越于该国平均年薪的8倍。
vulnerable
vulnerable /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/ 示意“易受伤的；易受影响（或抨击）的；脆弱的”，英文讲授为“able to be easily physically， emotionally， or mentally hurt， influenced， or attacked”举个🌰：I felt very vulnerable， standing there without any clothes on. 赤身赤身地站在那里，我嗅觉我方摧枯拉朽。
However， there have been reports of poor treatment of surrogate mothers， with some agencies refusing to pay surrogates if they do not obey strict requirements or if theymiscarry.
有报说念表现了代母遇到的灾荒对待，淌若她们不慑服公司的严格顺次，省略出现流产，代孕公司会拒却付给薪金。
miscarry
miscarry /mɪˈskær.i/ 示意“流产，小产”，英文讲授为“to experience an early， unintentional end to a pregnancy”举个🌰：Sadly， she miscarried eight weeks into the pregnancy. 不幸的是，她在怀胎八周后流产了。
Exploitation concerns have led to many countries shutting down their previously booming surrogacy industries， while last year the UN warned that "commercial surrogacy... usuallyamounts tothe sale of children".
这种惦记促使好多国度关闭连忙增长的代孕机构。勾通国客岁也劝诫说，交易代孕频繁不错被视为买卖儿童。
amount to sth
1）示意“（数目上）达到，计较”，英文讲授为“if figures， sums etc amount to a particular total， they equal that total when they are added together”举个🌰：Time lost through illness amounted to 12 working days. 因疾病而蚀本的时间计较为12个职责日。
2）示意“便是，超越于”，英文讲授为“if an attitude， remark， situation etc amounts to something， it has the same effect”举个🌰：The court's decision amounts to a not guilty verdict. 法庭的裁决便是是宣判无罪。
Is an international agreement possible? 海外准则
Intergovernmental body the Hague Conference on Private International Law is currently looking into the possibility of forming internationally agreed rules for authorities to recognise the parenthood of children born abroad through surrogacy， and set out consistent rules.
跨国界组织“海牙海外私法会议”最近正在研究是否有可能制定长入的海外准则来范例代孕举止。
However， it may be difficult to reach international agreement， due to the widely differing attitudes towards surrogacy.
然则，由于列国关于代孕的不同派头，造成长入的准则可能很难。
Countries that ban or restrict the practice would be unlikely to sign up to something that allows commercial surrogacy， andvice versa.
辞让或限制代孕的国度不肯意签署条约放开交易代孕，准许交易代孕的国度雷同也不肯签署辞让要求。
vice versa
示意“反过来也一样，反之也是”，英文讲授为“used to say that what you have just said is also true in the opposite order”举个🌰：He doesn't trust her， and vice versa (= she also doesn't trust him). 他不信任她，她也一样不信任他。
This means authorities are left in a very difficult situation: the global surrogacy market hassprung updue to the inconsistency of laws around the world， but it is precisely because of these differences that they are unable to regulate the practice effectively.
这么一来，列国政府齐会面对繁难处所：全球代孕阛阓的富贵恰是源于列公法律各异，而这种各异又导致监管缺失。
spring up
示意“倏得出现；深远”，英文讲授为“to start to exist suddenly”举个🌰：Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past couple of years. 往日几年里数千家新企业如星罗棋布般深远出来。
Surrogacy can provide the joy of a longed-for child， but at the same time it opens the door for the exploitation of the most vulnerable.
代孕如实不错给渴慕孩子的家庭带来喜跃，但同期也为剥减轻势群体的举止灵通了大门。
As surrogacy gains in popularity， these legal andethical dilemmaswill only become more pressing.Pandora's Boxhas been opened and the law has failed to respond.
男性同交跟着代孕的日渐普及，法律和说念德的逆境会日趋严重。在潘多拉魔盒灵通的同期，法律莫得作念出实时的回复。
ethical
ethical /ˈeθ.ɪ.kəl/ 示意“说念德的；伦理的”，英文讲授为“relating to beliefs about what is morally right and wrong”如：ethical and legal issues 说念德和法律问题。
dilemma
dilemma /daɪˈlem.ə/ /dɪˈlem.ə/ 示意“傍边为难，两难境地”，英文讲授为“a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do”举个🌰：He was faced with the dilemma of whether or not to return to his country. 他面对着是否归国的致力选定。
Pandora's box
Pandora's box /pænˌdɔː.rəz ˈbɒks/ 示意“潘多拉魔盒（指泼辣之源）”，英文讲授为“something that creates a lot of new problems that you did not expect”举个🌰：This court case could open a Pandora's box of similar claims.这宗诉讼案会为肖似的索赔开启潘多拉魔盒。
📍源自希腊据说。主神宙斯创造了潘多拉并派其带着装满泼辣的盒子下凡。当她灵通盒子时，多样泼辣奔涌而出，泛滥东说念主间。
- 词汇盘货 -
surrogacy、 nominate、 fuel、 boom、 surrogate、 triple、 obligation、 gestational、 implant、 procedure、 soar、 exploit、 vulnerable、 miscarry、 amount to sth、 vice versa、 spring up、 ethical、 dilemma、 Pandora's box
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
The boom in surrogacy， fueled by soaring demand， nominates ethical dilemmas. Triplets implanted in a vulnerable surrogate tripled obligations; miscarrying one amounted to exploiting her. Gestational procedures spring up姐妹花 双飞， opening a Pandora's box of vice versa exploitation.
